Social Programs Publications
2009 Publications
Child Care Quality Rating Systems: Using Research to Drive Decisionmaking (Audio)
Early Education Institute Webinar Series, February 2009. Listen to the discussion on current research and implementation issues on Quality Rating Systems (QRS). QRS systematically assess, improve, and communicate the level of quality in early and school-age care programs through quality ratings that meet a set of defined program standards.
Demonstration Models on Neglect: Lessons Learned
July 2009.
Published in Protecting Children: A professional publication of American Humane , 24(1), 20-33, by Jack Denniston of ICF International and Sally Flanzer and Jan Shafer of the U.S. Children’s Bureau. The chronic neglect of children is one of the most persistent and intractable challenges facing the nation’s child protection system. It can result in immediate harm or serious risk of harm to the child’s safety, health, and well-being. This article analyzes the findings of 10 federally funded demonstration projects that provided innovative services to families with chronic neglect issues and builds on two syntheses of these projects written by Mr. Denniston. In developing this journal article, the authors reviewed the projects’ final reports, the syntheses, other findings published by these projects, and a recent survey of the projects to draw conclusions about working with neglectful families and the role of federal funding in advancing child welfare practice.
Hepatitis B Infection is Highly Endemic in Uganda: Findings from a National Serosurvey
Published in
African Health Sciences , June 2009, by Vinod Mishra of ICF Macro; Josephine Bwogi, and Barnabas Bakamutumaho, and Benon Biryahwaho of Uganda Virus Research Institute; Fiona Braka, Miriam Nanyunja, and Rosamund F. Lewis of the World Health Organization; Issa Makumbi and Alex Opio of the Uganda Ministry of Health; and Robert Downing of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Uganda. The study was carried out to determine the baseline prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and explore its risk factors. Results indicated that hepatitis B virus infection is highly endemic in Uganda, with an estimated 1.4 million adults chronically infected and some communities disproportionately affected. The study highlighted the need to strengthen the hepatitis B infant immunization program and to promote HBV testing and vaccination among HIV-infected persons.
Improving Effectiveness of International Aid to Combat Human Trafficking
October 2009. The United States has dispersed more than $604 million to combat human trafficking around the world since fiscal year (FY) 2001 (Department of State 2009). While these efforts have undoubtedly influenced and shaped the global anti-trafficking movement over the last decade, a July 2006 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report to Congress found that the “U.S. government has not developed a coordinated strategy to combat human trafficking abroad” and has “not focused on developing and implementing a systematic way for agencies to…identify targets of greatest need and leverage overseas activities to achieve greater results” (GAO 2006). These findings emphasize the need for the U.S. to develop a coordinated strategy that links evidence-based practice with clear funding priorities to continue leading the global fight against modern-day slavery. This paper seeks to outline several recommendations for the U.S. government to continue to lead the fight against human trafficking by setting clear priorities for shaping effective interventions on the ground.
Improving HR Selection Processes: Using Simulations to Optimize Cut Scores
Webcast, October 2009. Agencies frequently use a multiple-hurdle approach to testing and selection but spend a lot of time and money screening and testing candidates who cannot possibly succeed in the overall selection process. This webcast, featuring ICF Vice President Lance Anderson, explores how agencies can be certain their processes are efficient and effective, how you can set cut scores to be certain that only the most qualified candidates will advance through the entire process, and how agencies can be certain that they are setting optimal cut scores.
Individual and Community-level Determinants of Social Acceptance of People Living with HIV in Kenya: Results from a National Population-based Survey
Published in
Health & Place , September 2009, by Chi Chiao of Institute of Health and Welfare Policy in Taiwan, Vinod Mishra of ICF Macro, and William Sambisa of the University of North Carolina. Non-acceptance of people living with HIV acts as a major obstacle to HIV prevention, treatment, and care and support programs. This study investigated the influence of individual- and community-level factors on accepting attitudes toward people living with HIV in Kenya. Three indicators of accepting attitudes were examined: 1) willingness to care for an infected household member, 2) willingness to buy vegetables from an infected vendor, and 3) willingness to allow an infected female teacher to continue teaching. The findings suggest that the characteristics of the communities where people live have major influences on the attitudes toward HIV-infected people, in addition to the individual characteristics. HIV program strategies aimed at increasing accepting attitudes toward HIV-infected people should also consider community-level factors.
Justice Department Develops Way to Measure a Department's Level of Community Policing
Published in the June 2009 issue of
Subject to Debate , by Bruce Taylor, PERF; Rob Chapman, COPS Office, U.S. Department of Justice; and Rebecca Mulvaney, ICF International. The Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) and ICF International, in conjunction with the Office of Community-Oriented Policing Services (COPS), have released an on-line resource to enable police agencies around the country to measure the agency’s level of community policing. The Community Policing Self-Assessment Tool (CP-SAT) can help agencies create a baseline measurement, track progress over time, and educate officers and the community about community policing practices. This article describes the CP-SAT and the process used to develop it.
Low Physical Fitness Among Fifth- and Seventh-Grade Students, Georgia, 2006
April 2009. Published in the
American Journal of Preventive Medicine , by Kenneth E. Powell, Alice M. Roberts, and James G. Ross of ICF Macro; Mary Ann C. Phillips; Dawud A. Ujamaa; and Mei Zhou. The obesity epidemic has captured the attention of public and private stakeholders at both the national and state level. Driven by rising adolescent obesity levels in their state, the Philanthropic Collaborative for a Healthy Georgia funded the Georgia Youth Fitness Assessment, the first state-wide probability study to measure physical activity and physical fitness in 5th and 7th grade students. This article discusses the methodology and findings of the Georgia Youth Fitness Study, which has since prompted the state legislature to take strides toward improving fitness levels among its school-aged population. Findings from this study will serve as a baseline against which future progress can be made.
National Symposium on the Health Needs of Human Trafficking Victims: Background Brief
January 2009. In 2006, the Office of the Assistance Secretary for Planning and Evaluation within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)—with significant involvement from the Office of Refugee Resettlement—funded an exploratory study examining how HHS programs were addressing the needs of victims of human trafficking. The study consisted of an extensive review of relevant literature, identifying barriers and promising practices for addressing the needs of victims of human trafficking, with a goal of informing current and future program design and improving services to this vulnerable population. The results of the study are presented in a series of five issue briefs and a final report. As a next step to understanding the needs of trafficking victims and the services available to meet those needs, HHS is sponsoring a national symposium focused on the health needs of human trafficking victims. The purpose of this symposium is to discuss trafficking victims’ health needs, how to better identify trafficking victims within health care settings, how well current systems are meeting those needs, and what more can be done for this population. The symposium will also explore promising practices and strategies for identifying and providing needed health care to human trafficking victims. This background document has been designed to set the stage for the discussions that will take place at the symposium as well as provide participants with a common foundation from which to start the discussions at the symposium.
Protecting Children from Environmental Risks at Home and in Child Care Settings
Early Education Institute Webinar Series, May 2009. Representatives from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) share valuable information about how the early child care community can create healthy and safe settings by reducing various environmental risks in the child care setting and family homes that threaten children's health.
Sounding Board: The Stimulus, Budget and the Future of Health IT
As featured in the spring edition of
Service Contractor Magazine , ICF CEO Sudhakar Kesavan offers his perspective on the enactment of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and the projected additional initiatives signaled by President Obama's Administration.
Technology Supports to Managing Early Care and Education Systems
Early Education Institute Webinar Series, April 2009. ICF International and our partners, Chicago Systems Group and South Carolina Department of Social Services, shared information on automated systems used by states to support tracking of services, funding, and evaluating outcomes across early care and education systems.
The Relationship of Family Size and Composition to Fertility Desires, Contraceptive Adoption and Method Choice in South Asia
Published in
International Perspectives in Sexual and Reproductive Health , March 2009, by Anuja Jayaraman, independent consultant; and Vinod Mishra and Fred Arnold of ICF Macro. Countries in South Asia demonstrate a strong cultural preference for sons, which may influence fertility desires and contraceptive use. Analyzing data from nationally representative surveys in Nepal, India, and Bangladesh, this study shows that son preference remains widespread in all three countries and has a major influence on reproductive behavior. Policies and programs need to include mechanisms to make daughters more valuable to families and to remove gender differences within households through family planning, education, and social programs.
Trends in Primary and Secondary Abstinence Among Kenyan Youth
Published in
AIDS Care , July 2009, by Chi Chiao of the Institute of Health and Welfare Policy in Taiwan, and Vinod Mishra of ICF Macro. The study examined data from Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys in 1993, 1998, and 2003 to examine ten-year trends in primary and secondary abstinence among never-married youth aged 15-24 and to explore the role of HIV prevention knowledge, schooling, and contextual factors in affecting their abstinence behaviors. Analyses show that both primary and secondary abstinence levels have risen in the past 10 years, with the abstinence levels higher among females than among males. Knowledge that abstinence can prevent HIV infection was positively associated with the likelihood of practicing abstinence. However, knowledge that condom use can prevent HIV infection was associated with lower abstinence practice. In-school youth were more likely to abstain from sex than those working. The findings suggest abstinence programs needed to be gender sensitive and culturally appropriate.
2008 Publications
Addressing the Needs of Victims of Human Trafficking: Challenges, Barriers, and Promising Practices
October 2008. ICF International, in collaboration with Advocates for Human Potential (AHP), is conducting a study to develop information on how U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) programs are currently addressing the needs of victims of human trafficking, including domestic victims (i.e., citizens and legal permanent residents), with a priority focus on domestic youth. This issue brief focuses on the needs of victims of human trafficking and the services available to meet those needs. Additionally, it discusses challenges and barriers to providing services to victims, international and domestic, adults and minors, and highlights innovative solutions to these challenges and promising practices to overcome barriers.
Brownfield Financing: Propelling Brownfield Projects Through Local Governments and Tools
Summer 2008. Redeveloping brownfield sites can be a costly proposition. In many situations, the private development and financial sectors are not able or willing to act on their own to ensure that the full economic potential of site reuse will be achieved. Critical funding gaps are, in fact, the primary deterrent to site and facility reuse. For decades, local governments have used or sponsored public finance mechanisms to stimulate economic activity in certain geographic areas or industries. Now, publicly driven economic development initiatives are reaching into new sectors and incorporating new concerns, such as environmental improvement. Local brownfield reuse strategies and financing techniques are rapidly evolving across the country.
Case Management and the Victim of Human Trafficking: A Critical Service for Client Success
October 2008. ICF International, in collaboration with Advocates for Human Potential (AHP), is conducting a study to develop information on how U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) programs are currently addressing the needs of victims of human trafficking, including domestic victims (i.e., citizens and legal permanent residents), with a priority focus on domestic youth. This issue brief focuses on the importance of case management in working with international victims of human trafficking, from the point of identification until a victim reaches self-sufficiency. This brief looks at the characteristics of an effective case manager along with the benefits not only to victims but also to other key stakeholders, including law enforcement and service providers. This brief also examines the challenges to effective case management and the implications for victim recovery.
Case Study of State Incentives: Proposals to Make Strategic Investments in Brownfields Redevelopment
January 2008. The Northeast-Midwest Institute (NEMW) partnered with ICF International to create this study, which advises a state on the potential to modify and expand its brownfields incentives. Many states have rather modest brownfields incentives, usually a grant-loan program to fund site assessments and cleanups, and usually under-funded relative to needs. Some of these states may be considering proposals to improve, expand or modify these incentives in order to get more mileage out of limited funds and accelerate cleanup and redevelopment activity. The report offers program proposals and recommendations, and includes a table detailing current State Brownfields Income Tax Credit Programs.
Economic Evaluation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's SunWise Program: Sun Protection Education for Young Children
Prepared by ICF International, along with co-authors from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Henry Ford Hospital, and Harvard, Boston, George Washington, and George Mason Universities, 2007. Published in
Pediatrics , the Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics, Vol. 121, No. 5, May 2008. ICF prepared an economic analysis of the U.S. EPA’s SunWise Program by translating self-reported changes in student sun safety behaviors into reductions in skin cancer incidence and mortality using the U.S. EPA’s Atmospheric and Health Effects Framework (AHEF) model maintained by ICF. Although a number of studies have evaluated the behavioral impacts of school-based and community sun safety education programs, few have evaluated the economics of skin cancer prevention programs. The study, possibly the first to review the cost-benefit of a school-based sun safety program, found that using SunWise to teach children about sun safety saves lives and money.
End of the 110th Congress: How Did Brownfields Fare?
During its two-year term, the 110th Congress did not finalize very much with direct application to the brownfield marketplace. However, Congress continued to fund brownfield programs. In addition, the two bailouts that passed in 2008—the foreclosure assistance and the Wall Street rescue plan—provide opportunities for creative state, local, and private brownfield reuse to promote brownfield revitalization efforts. The Wall Street rescue plan even includes significant new incentives for “green” construction and development that could play a critical role in brownfield projects. One of the 111th Congress’s first major tasks will be to finalize appropriations for FY09, deferred by the outgoing Congress.
Evaluation of the VA Burial Benefits Program
Prepared by ICF International in August 2008, this report provides an objective third-party evaluation of the VA Burial Benefits Program to determine whether the program is achieving its expected outcomes (e.g., meeting the burial needs of veterans and their family members; maintaining national cemeteries as national shrines) and to identify the program’s impact on veterans and their families (e.g., providing veterans with adequate information on burial benefits; providing meaningful symbolic expressions of remembrance).
Identifying Victims of Human Trafficking: Inherent Challenges and Promising Strategies from the Field
February 2008. ICF International, in collaboration with Advocates for Human Potential (AHP), is conducting a study to develop information on how U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) programs are currently addressing the needs of victims of human trafficking, including domestic victims (i.e., citizens and legal permanent residents), with a priority focus on domestic youth. This issue brief focuses on the identification of international and domestic victims of human trafficking in the United States and presents the inherent challenges to identifying victims based on the definition provided in the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA), as well as promising strategies undertaken by law enforcement, service providers, and other organizations to identify and reach victims.
Incorporating Energy Efficiency into Affordable Housing Projects
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) continues to prioritize development and rehabilitation projects that incorporate energy efficiency measures. This quarter’s featured resource is a guide developed by ICF for PJs to encourage efficiency in projects funded through the HOME Program. The guide contains general information about energy efficiency measures as well as programs local governments can use to encourage developers to incorporate these measures in the development process. It also offers specific information about energy savings and cost savings associated with efficiency measures in specific climate zones, including: CA Central Valley Climate Zone; CA Bay Area Climate Zone; Mountainous Climate Zone; and Desert Climate Zone.
NSP: Stabilizing and Revitalizing Neighborhoods
ICF analyzed the $3.92 billion
Neighborhood Stabilization Program (NSP) created under Title III of Division B of the 2008 Housing and Economic Recovery Act (HERA) and developed this side-by-side comparison of NSP requirements. The document highlights several key program design or implementation questions that grantees will need to consider. NSP grantees are required to submit Action Plans by December 1, 2008, and will need to quickly develop innovative solutions to the foreclosure crisis in their communities, evaluate potential roles for a variety of partners and stakeholders, and complete the Action Plan submission.
The Greenbook Initiative Final Evaluation Report
The final evaluation report of the
Greenbook Initiative , examining the process and effects of implementing the Greenbook recommendations on collaboration, systems change, and practice within and across three primary systems (child welfare agencies, domestic violence service providers, and the dependency courts), was completed in 2008. The evaluation was funded by the U.S. Departments of Justice and Health and Human Services. This final evaluation report, authored by the National Evaluation Team, assesses the extent to which the Greenbook implementation activities facilitated cross-system and system change and practice within the three primary systems. Findings of the evaluation show the efforts of the partners, the challenges they faced in carrying out their work, and the changes they were able to bring about in how the systems work to identify and respond to the needs of families and children experiencing the co-occurrence of domestic violence and child maltreatment.
Treating the Hidden Wounds: Trauma Treatment and Mental Health Recovery for Victims of Human Trafficking
October 2008. ICF International, in collaboration with Advocates for Human Potential (AHP), is conducting a study to develop information on how U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) programs are currently addressing the needs of victims of human trafficking, including domestic victims (i.e., citizens and legal permanent residents), with a priority focus on domestic youth. This issue brief addresses the trauma experienced by most trafficking victims, its impact on health and well-being, some of the challenges to meeting trauma-related needs of trafficking victims, and promising approaches to treatment and recovery. While this issue brief touches on trauma across human trafficking populations, it has a special emphasis on trauma resulting from sex trafficking of women and girls.
2007 Publications
Air Quality Issues in School Site Selection
Prepared by ICF, June 2005 (revised May 2007). Local air quality is an important factor to consider in the selection of a location for a new school. For California's South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD), ICF developed a guidance document to assist school districts in the selection of locations for new schools with respect to local air quality. The guidance document synthesizes and references a variety of scientific literature and other guidance to provide easy to understand steps that can minimize exposure of school children and school personnel to air pollution and toxic emissions at school sites.
Childhood Obesity Prevention
August 2007. Policymakers and researchers across the United States recognize the critical need for new, systemic approaches to address the rising childhood obesity epidemic in our country. Responding to this need, ICF International developed this report to describe the current areas of consensus in the research and policy fields and to propose a holistic and comprehensive prevention strategy for addressing childhood obesity across the full spectrum of environments, including homes, child care and educational settings, communities and neighborhoods, and health care practices. The report also highlights promising practices and ICF programs that have demonstrated innovation and effectiveness in tackling many of the challenges associated with childhood obesity prevention.
Cross-Continent Training of Trainers: A Relationship-Based Approach
Published in the November 2007 issue of
Young Children , a publication of the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC), pages 33-35. This article, co-authored by ICF staff (Helen Stine, Jill Aviles, Barbara McCreedy) and three of the six Indian participants (Anubha Rajesh, Ridhi Sethi, and Vini Gupta), describes an effort by ICF to extend its
early education services in an outreach to India, by developing a model of collaborative, interactive training. The Training of Trainers workshop in New Delhi, India, brought together ICF and Indian participants with experiences in early care and education in various parts of the world. This model established a foundation that will support the expansion of high quality, culturally relevant, responsive training programs.
Finding a Path to Recovery: Residential Facilities for Minor Victims of Domestic Sex Trafficking
October 2007. ICF International, in collaboration with Advocates for Human Potential (AHP), is conducting a study to develop information on how U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) programs are currently addressing the needs of victims of human trafficking, including domestic victims (i.e., citizens and legal permanent residents), with a priority focus on domestic youth. This issue brief focuses on minors who are victimized by sex traffickers across the U.S. and is intended to provide practical information about the characteristics and needs of these minors, and describe the type of residential programs and facilities currently providing services for this population.
Framework for Securing Personal Health Data in Clinical Decision Support Systems
Published in the
Journal of Healthcare Information Management , Spring 2007, pp. 34-40, by Protik Sandell, PMP, MBA, of Z-Tech, an ICF International Company. If appropriate security mechanisms aren't in place, individuals and groups can get unauthorized access to personal health data residing in clinical decision support systems (CDSS). These concerns are well founded; there has been a dramatic increase in reports of security incidents.The paper provides a framework for securing personal health data in CDSS.The framework breaks down CDSS into data gathering, data management, and data delivery functions. It then provides the vulnerabilities that can occur in clinical decision support activities and the measures that need to be taken to protect the data.The framework is applied to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of personal health data in a decision support system. Using the framework, project managers and architects can assess the potential risk of unauthorized data access in their decision support system. Moreover, they can design systems and procedures to effectively secure personal health data.
Professional Development Programs for Infant/Toddler Caregivers: Setting the Stage for Lifelong Learning
Published in the journal of the Southern Early Childhood Association (SECA),
Dimensions of Early Childhood , Volume 35, No. 3, Fall 2007, pages 12-20. The article was co-authored by experts within ICF International's Early Education Institute—Melissa D. Zwahr, Caroline F. Davis, Jill Aviles, Kristen H. Buss, and Helen Stine. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the need for high-quality training and professional development opportunities specifically designed for caregivers of infants and toddlers. It challenges the early education field to raise the bar for the quality of care provided to children from birth to 3 years.
School Mental Health Program Retrospective Report: 2000-2005
In 2007, the District of Columbia (DC) Department of Mental Health (DMH), Office of Program and Policy, Child and Youth Services Division released its first published multi-year evaluation study of the School-based Mental Health Program. This evaluation report, co-authored by Dr. Olga Acosta Price, Deputy Director of George Washington University’s Center for Health and Health Care in Schools (former Director of the program) and Dr. Amy R. Mack, Senior Associate with ICF International (former Evaluation Coordinator of the program), provides comprehensive information about the program since its creation in 2000. Successes and challenges are discussed in detail along with aggregate-level data highlighting promising practices and programs. The report provides much-needed data regarding evaluating prevention, early intervention, and intervention services provided by social workers and psychologists to children and youth in 30 Washington, D.C., public and public charter schools.
What We Know About Army Families: A 2007 Update
This report was prepared by ICF International in 2007 as an update to the original version published in 1993 and distills what we have discovered about Army families since then. The update presents scientifically accurate information culled from numerous journal articles, reports, and studies that examine various aspects of the Army and its families. This updated report has chapters on deployments, separations, and reunions; issues confronting Reserve Component (RC) Soldiers and families; well-being within Army families; children; informal and formal support for families; and a 21st-century model of Army family support.
2006 Publications
Closing the [Achievement] Gap: An Overview
Published by the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD) in
Infobrief , Issue 44, January 2006, and authored by ICF International’s Anne Rogers Poliakoff. The article is the first in a series that focuses on the achievement gap in education. It seeks first to examine what the gap is, as a statistical construct, and to present what educational research has determined about its many causes, outside of schools as well as within. The intent of the series is to provide guidance for policymakers and practitioners seeking to institutionalize processes that successfully address achievement gap issues.
Validating Culture- and Gender-Specific Constructs: A Mixed Method Approach to Advance Assessment Procedures in Cross-Cultural Settings
Co-published in
Journal of Applied School Psychology , Vol. 22, No. 2, 2006, pp. 13-33; and in
Multicultural Issues in School Psychology , pp. 13-33. Copyright 2006 by
The Haworth Press, Inc. Written by John Hitchcock and colleagues of ICF Caliber, this article describes a mixed-method (i.e., quantitative and qualitative) approach for developing a psychological measure that accounts for cultural factors. Despite ongoing calls for developing cultural competency among mental health practitioners, few assessment instruments consider cultural variation in psychological constructs. To meet the challenge of developing measures for minority and international students, it is necessary to account for the influence culture may have on the latent constructs that form a given instrument. What complicates matters further is that individual factors (e.g., gender) within a culture necessitate additional refinement of factor structures on which such instruments are based. The current work endeavors to address these concerns by demonstrating a mixed-methods approach utilized to assess construct validation within a specific culture, and in turn develop culturally-specific instruments. Article copies are available from
The Haworth Document Delivery Service : 1.800.HAWORTH.
2004 Publications
A Low-Cost, Post Hoc Method to Rate Overall Site Quality in a Multi-Site Demonstration
Published in the
American Journal of Evaluation , Volume 25, Issue 1, Spring 2004, by Michael C. Barth of ICF International. Copyright © 2004 Elsevier Inc. This paper describes an alternative approach to site quality measurement with observations elicited from national program staff of the Healthy Steps for Young Children program, which was implemented in 25 sites. The Concept Mapping approach applied to this large demonstration project can be applied to many social and human resource demonstration programs, including on-the-job and classroom training, job readiness coaching, early childhood education, parenting programs, and mental health and substance abuse treatment.
Translating Research into Practice: Speeding the Adoption of Innovative Health Care Programs
Published by
The Commonwealth Fund , July 2004, and co-authored by ICF International's Michael C. Barth, Ph.D., and Elizabeth H. Bradley, Tashonna R. Webster, Dorothy Baker, Mark Schlesinger, Sharon K. Inouye, Kate L. Lapane, Debra Lipson, Robyn Stone, and Mary Jane Koren. The study presents case studies of four clinical programs to identify key factors influencing the diffusion and adoption of evidence-based innovations in health care.
Trends in Environmentally Related Childhood Illnesses
Published in
Pediatrics , Vol. 113, No. 4, April 2004, and co-authored by ICF International's Bradford J. Hurley, and Tracey J. Woodruff, Daniel A. Axelrad, Amy D. Kyle, Onyemaechi Nweke, and Gregory G. Miller. Trends in childhood illnesses are one element of a framework for children's environmental health indicators, which also includes trends in contaminants in the environment and in concentrations of contaminants in bodies of children and their mothers. This article presents data on three groups of important childhood diseases or disorders that seem to be caused, or exacerbated, by exposure to environmental agents and for which nationally representative data are available. Funding for this research was provided by the National Center for Environmental Economics and the Office of Children’s Health Protection, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
2001 Publications
2000 Publications
1998 Publications
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